The following is an essay by guest contributor Bob Leverett, the eastern (U.S.) old-growth forest "guru".
Saheda, Tecumseh, and Washakie
Three Massachusetts Trees That Give Us Bragging Rights
By
Robert T. Leverett
White Pines: A Historical Perspective
What comes to mind at the mention of
New England: the region’s rich history, culture, scenery? All of
these, but what about its forests? Were it not for our brilliant fall
colors, I doubt many people would visit us to see our woodlands. New
England’s forests are not associated with exceptional trees. But it
wasn’t always this way. In the 1600's and 1700's, chroniclers
described a landscape that featured giant pines, some claimed to be
well over 200 feet in height. In fact, the eastern white pine (
Pinus strobus) was the
foremost symbol of the region’s original virgin wilderness.
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Great white pines of yesteryear |
Today’s forest historians relegate
those giant pines to the pages of history. Romantic accounts abound
of white pines, especially in Maine and New Hampshire, reaching
astounding sizes and achieving great ages, and of course, the species
was famous as a resource for ship masts. The great whites became the
replacement for the exhausted European Riga Fir (actually Scotch
Pine, P. sylvestris) used by the King’s Navy to hold up the
sails of its war ships. Trees of a certain size and shape were
reserved exclusively for the Royal Navy. They were often marked by
three slashes of an ax, called the broad arrow markings. But the
time of those legendary pines came and went.
The intense lumbering of the region,
especially in the 1700's and 1800's, left us with young regrowth
woodlands. By the early to mid-1900's, most of our New England forests
were populated with younger trees. Field guides of the time often
described the white pine as a tree capable of surpassing 100 feet in
height, but often listed current heights as commonly 75 to 100 feet.
More descriptive authors like Donald Culross Peattie reminded us of
the historic heights, but most of these authors made it clear that no
such trees still existed. In fact, the stature of the species had
been so diminished that one hiking guide to trails in New Hampshire
boasted of a pine that was purportedly 125 feet tall. This lone tree
was considered the rare exception at the time the guide was written.
White Pines Today
To make matters worse, today’s
management paradigm aims at keeping our woodlands young and shrubby,
said by timber interests to be a healthier state than when trees
reach their maturity. Yet, for many reasons, our forests are
offering up some surprises. The biggest one may be the re-emergence
of the eastern white pine to reclaim some of its former glory.
So, what is today’s story about this
charismatic eastern species, and more particularly, where do
Massachusetts’s pines fit into the narrative? In conservation
areas, parks, state forests, and even on private lands, the great
whites are maturing, and one of the best places to see them is Mohawk
Trail State Forest (MTSF), located in the MA townships of Charlemont,
Savoy, and Florida. How large do these regrowth pines get? Do any approach their historic sizes? This
question will in part be answered by my account of the re-measuring
of two of Mohawk’s largest.
Re-measuring the Saheda Pine
On April 18, 2018, Ray Asselin, Jared
Lockwood, and I went to the Elders Grove of white pines in
Mohawk Trail State Forest. The visitor reaches a cluster of
conspicuously larger trees after a 10 to 15 minute walk on a trail
paralleling the scenic Deerfield River. On the 18th, this path was
slippery with recently fallen wet snow. The compromised footing
presented me with challenges for my new knee. Yet, I was anxious to
get as much measuring done as possible before the hardwoods leaf out.
The veil of dense green of the hardwoods 50 to 100 feet above the
head makes re-measuring the overstory pines that thrust through the
hardwoods very difficult, if not impossible.
My first task was to re-measure the
Saheda pine. Saheda is the name of a Mohawk ambassador who was
murdered in the late 1600's when he was on a mission of peace to the
Pocumtucks at what is now Old Deerfield. I thought the historic
Saheda deserved a tree named for him in the Elders Grove, and in my
Native Tree Society (NTS) capacity, chose arguably the handsomest
pine in the grove. Saheda is located above the trail, near two
others: Sacajawea and Ouray.
On this visit, I wanted to record
Saheda’s current height before the onset of the growing season. I
closely monitor this great tree and have for years. I’ve watched
Saheda and other pines in the grove climb upward since the late
1970's, but it was in the mid-1990's when we began measuring Saheda
with serious intent.
In 1998, Will Blozan, President of NTS
and an arborist extraordinaire, climbed and tape-drop measured
Saheda. At that time, we confirmed Saheda at the eye-popping height
of 158.3 feet. Based on what we believed white pines to be able to
achieve growth-wise in the modern era, this was exceptional. Only one
other tree we knew of topped Saheda - another white pine, also in MTSF,
named for Mohawk chief Jake Swamp. Will had also climbed and
tape-drop measured Jake to a height of 158.6 feet on the same visit
when he climbed Saheda. The two trees were neck and neck, and so far
as we knew, the two tallest in Massachusetts, if not all New England.
We were still influenced by the descriptions of forest historians and
government resource managers who continued to maintain that the
species was still in its youthful stage throughout New England, save
for older pines growing on very unproductive sites – small trees.
We’ve watched both pines, Jake Swamp
and Saheda, exceed 160 feet in height, and more recently 170. Neither
shows signs of slowing down. However, for me, as the years passed, it
became apparent that Jake was growing a little faster than Saheda.
That seemed to fit with the differences in their ages. Jake is about
160 years old and Saheda, around 185 or 190.
To put a finer point on the numbers,
Saheda’s growth rate has averaged 8.46 inches per year since Will’s
climb in 1998, and Jake has maintained an average of 9.6 inches since
1992. Most forestry professionals expect pines the ages of these
trees to be growing at maybe 5 inches in height per year.
My last measurement of Saheda, taken with a laser rangefinder in
July 2017, set its height at 171.4 feet. However, I didn’t use my
tripod on that measurement, which made exactly hitting the target a
challenge. I had gotten numbers as low as 171.0 feet and as high as
171.8 feet, with one measurement at exactly 171.4. When you press the
“fire” button on a laser rangefinder or hypsometer, you can pull
the instrument down slightly. On any given measurement, that may or
may not happen, but it is a potential source of error. Anyway, the 171.4-foot
height seemed a reliable number to settle on, so I proclaimed it as
Saheda’s height.
But on this visit I carried my tripod so that I could
control handshake and the button-press sources of error that invariably
accompany measurements when instruments are handheld.
While I re-measured Saheda’s height,
Jared took diameter measurements up the trunk using his TruPulse 200X (hypsometer)
and Vortex Solo RT 8/36 (monocular). The combination of a hypsometer and
monocular allows us to measure diameter up and down the trunk from a
remote location. The formula needed to calculate trunk
width above or below eye level from a distance using a monocular is:
where M = reticle reading, D = distance
to middle of trunk, F = manufacturer’s reticle factor, and A =
angle above or below eye level of width line being measured.
On this visit, our double objective was
to fix Saheda’s height prior to the onset of annual growth and to re-model
the pine for trunk volume, which required the trunk width
measurements.
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Jared (left) and Bob measuring Saheda |
Finding a good location to see the left
side of Saheda’s crown, I set up my tripod. I could see Saheda’s
silver id tag near its base, so I was set. Below is a view of Saheda’s
base and the location I use to choose an exact spot on the ground from which to measure height.
An argument can be made for setting the base point lower to match the
slope of the land. I choose to be conservative on this point.
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Saheda's base |
From locations within 200 feet,
necessary for seeing both top and base, the highest crown points of
Saheda are the real challenge to see, let alone measure. However,
from a much greater distance, its complex double crown stands out.
Below is a view of the top taken from well upstream. You can see
where I’ve marked the top. But, again, seeing that sprig from much
closer requires both work and luck.
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Looking for Saheda's top |
Part of the challenge becomes clear
when one realizes that the area of twigging with candidates for the
absolute top can cover as much as 100 ft2 on these larger, older
pines. At their widest, mature white pine crowns are typically
between 40 and 55 feet, although the points of maximum width are well
below the top. Still, the area that includes the highest twigs often
presents many choices. On older pines, there is seldom a branch that
is clearly the tallest from one’s vantage point, and even less
often is it centered over the trunk. Crown breakage and re-sprouting
is the norm.
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Saheda's top |
Here is an interesting fact. For
visitors to Saheda, seeing the tree from a distance seldom seems to
make much of an impact. A four-foot wide trunk seen from 200 feet
away looks like a stick. One needs to get up close for impact, and
looking directly up its trunk is when you experience an OMG moment
-and that still occurs for me. In my opinion, Saheda is all that a
white pine can hope to be. When I first took my friend Tim Zelazo
(now retired from MA-DCR) to see the tall pine, he looked aloft into its
crown, and was an immediate fan of Saheda. Tim was no stranger to the
Berkshire’s forests, but the Elders Grove had escaped him. Gazing
upward, this is what he saw.
Measurement Results
From my vantage point, I was able to
shoot to four identifiable tops of Saheda’s double crown, all on
the uphill side of the crown. One conspicuous tip gave me a reading
of 128.25 feet above the centroid of the TruPulse. I asked Ray to
confirm the measurement, which he did. Turning the TruPulse on the
axis of the tripod and shooting to Saheda’s metal tag, the height
below the centroid read 40.5 feet on the display. The height of the
tag above the point I use as Saheda’s base, as shown in the first
image, was 3.0 feet. The three numbers add up to 171.7 feet!
Saheda hasn’t grown since July 2017.
The difference between the 171.4 and 171.7 probably lies in the use
of my tripod, which gave me a sturdier platform to shoot from, as
previously explained. In addition, this time my vantage point was
different. Regardless, there isn’t a dramatic difference between
171.4 and 171.7. Still, when you are the second tallest living thing
we know of in all New England, inches matter.
Saheda's Carbon Sequestration Capacity
Our second challenge was to update our
calculations on Saheda’s trunk volume. With updated figures, we
would then: (1) convert volume into total woody mass, (2) derive the
carbon portion of that mass, and (3) calculate the amount of CO
2
pulled from the atmosphere to build the trunk. The next chart shows
our calculations, followed by more explanatory comments. The process
and calculations are shown here to explain the methodology. Skip the
chart if you are not interested in these technical details.
The newly calculated trunk volume of
Saheda is 852 ft3. I had been using 825 ft3 before based on cruder
measurements. Limbs add between 5.5% and 6% of the trunk’s volume.
Using 5.75%, I arrived at a trunk and limb volume of 901 ft3. Taking
an average density of 24 lb/ft3 (that number varies from around 21 to
29), we get a total trunk mass of 21,624 lbs. If 48% of the total
mass is elemental carbon, this yields 10,380 lbs. The amount of CO2
needed to deposit the calculated amount of carbon in the trunk and
limbs is 10,380 x 3.67 = 38,095 lbs or 19.05 tons.
For the modest sized rectangular area
that Saheda takes up on the landscape, we’re getting a very good
environmental return on the physical space.
I’ll leave Saheda with a final
picture of the pine and my late, great friend Gary Beluzo, who was an
environmental studies professor at Holyoke Community College, where I
also taught as an adjunct for 24 years.
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Gary Beluzo at the Saheda white pine |
Tecumseh and Washakie
One of the two other trees we
re-measured was Tecumseh, named for the famous Shawnee chief of the
early 1800's. Tecumseh was a charismatic figure. It is still difficult
to get his full measure. Tecumseh’s tree is no less impressive, but
it is even harder to measure than Saheda. In the past, I had
established its height at 166.8 feet, but on this visit, I could only
get 165.5 feet. We noticed that Tecumseh had experienced a lot of
limb pruning, and I believe that it has lost crown. For now, I’ll
stay with 165.5. Tecumseh has been climbed and tape-drop measured by
both Will Blozan and Bart Bouricious. Like Saheda, Tecumseh achieves
a 12-foot girth at breast height. My current estimate of Tecumseh’s
trunk volume is 849 ft
3.
Below is an image of the base of Tecumseh when my friend Bart
Bouricius was climbing and tape-drop measuring the tree. DCR’s Tim
Zelazo photographed the event.
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The Tecumseh white pine |
We measured another pine, hitherto unnamed, growing a
short distance south of Tecumseh. I last measured
the nameless one in 2010 when it was 152.6 feet. Today, I got 155.3
feet. This pine has averaged a modest 4.6-inch annual height
increase. Obviously, not all the pines are growing at Saheda’s
rate. However, most are growing at least a half a foot per growing
season. We named this pine Washakie after the
great Shoshoni chief. It measures a respectable 10.3 feet in
girth, and has a trunk volume of between 550 and 575 ft3. I felt
satisfied with the naming choice. Monica and I have visited the Wind
River Reservation in Wyoming on several occasions, and I have long
admired Washakie. He was a true leader.
Our Custom of Honoring Native Americans
by Naming Trees After Them
In terms of honoring the past Native
Americans with trees in the Elders Grove, we now have Saheda,
Tecumseh, Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse, Sacajawea, Ouray, Osceola,
Wampanoag (unspecified), and now Washakie. The other larger trees
will eventually acquire Native American names. Our reason for naming
the trees after Native Americans is simply that the custom seems
appropriate. The great white pines of yesteryear were abundant when
indigenous people were in control. Also, the Mohawks proclaimed the
eastern white pine as their tree of peace, and the Algonquin-speaking
nations held the species in no less esteem. Additionally, the
indigenous peoples found sustenance in the underbark of the pines as
a food source. Today we are discovering that the compounds of the
pines released into the air have health benefits. In terms of naming
all the pines, we don’t want to rush the process, though. It would
be counter to the ceremonial state of mind that I associate with real
Native teachers.
Is There a Higher Purpose Behind Our
Measuring and Modeling?
Why do Ray, Jared, and I spend so much
time with these lofty pines, and in particular Saheda? Each of us has
his reasons, but an especially important one for me is that I find it unacceptable that in 2018 such a great
tree should go unrecognized in a state as highly educated and
foresighted as Massachusetts. The visibility and importance of Saheda
and his companions have largely been lost to our fixation on the
presumed need to “manage” all our forests - too often a euphemism
for exploitation.
Those of the latter mindset do not
understand the full range of the ecological services provided by our
biggest trees. These forest monarchs provide habitat for a range of
species, sequester more carbon than their junior counterparts,
protect the genetic heritage of their species, moderate the climate
around them, and provide heretofore unrecognized health benefits to
those who walk among them. They appeal to our artistic sense and
spiritual nature. No less a personage than Henry David Thoreau
understood their place.
“Each town should have a park, or
rather a primitive forest, of 500 or 1000 acres, where a stick should
never be cut … a common possession forever.” (1859)
People can disagree on Saheda’s value
along subjective lines such as aesthetics, but Saheda’s role in
sequestering carbon should not be in doubt. That alone gives us an
immediate reason for valuing it and the other big pines of the Elders
Grove. Saheda and Tecumseh debunk the mistaken, and often
self-serving belief that the larger, older trees are senescent:
holding, but not adding carbon. They are adding, and adding a lot,
and we will continue to keep track of the amount.
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Sacajawea (left), Saheda, and Ouray pines (New England Forests photo) |
I’ll close this topic with some
unsettling observations. I wish I didn’t feel the need to make
them. All people and professions knowledgeable about forests should
find inspiration in places like the Elders Grove. Those splendid
trees should be valued for historical, cultural, aesthetic, and
ecological reasons.
But sadly, much of modern forestry
discounts the ecological role of trees in their maturity. The
profession actively promotes early successional habitat, while at
best, paying lip service to its late successional counterpart.
Obviously, timber people can’t wait 100 years and more for trees to
fulfill their ecological role before cutting them. So, practically
speaking, most of our forests have to be managed on shorter rotations
if we’re to continue enjoying wood products.
Still, one would hope that the
professional forestry organizations would publicly support a
nontrivial percentage of our forests maintained as late successional.
Yet today we are seeing a growing number of forestry voices promoting
the use of trees to generate heat and electricity. They claim biomass
to be carbon neutral. It clearly is not, and the mental gymnastics
that supporters of biomass go through to justify their illogical
claims are wholly unconvincing.
As long as outdated and mistaken
beliefs about the growth rates of mature trees are publicly promoted
by resource managers attempting to justify logging it will be
necessary for us to ‘publicly’ set the record straight.
Paying
Respect to All
This essay is primarily about the
Elders Grove pines and more particularly Saheda, Tecumseh, and
Washakie. However, in the introduction I alluded to the return of the
eastern white pine in Massachusetts as our true New England forest
monarch. I will conclude with a list of all the sites we have
documented in the Bay State with pines in the height range of 140
feet or more. This list constantly changes, but in the direction of
an increasing number of locations. As shown in the table, many of our
measurements are old, and we do not believe that we’ve exhausted
the current number of "140" sites. There may be as many as 50
statewide.
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Species Code: WP=White Pine NS=Norway Spruce TT=Tulip Tree(Yellow Poplar) |